排序方式: 共有42条查询结果,搜索用时 671 毫秒
11.
12.
Approximately 48.2% of couples of 15 to 49 years of age practice family planning methods in India. Female sterilization accounts
for 34.2%, with male sterilization declining from 3·4% in 1992–93 to 1·9% in 1998–99. Use of the condom increased to 3·1%
from 2·4%. There is an urgent need for research to develop new contraceptive modalities especially for men and also for women
and to make existing methods more safe, affordable and acceptable. Current efforts in India to develop a male contraceptive
are mainly directed towards (i) development of antispermatogenic agents to suppress sperm production, (ii) prevention of sperm
maturation, (iii) prevention of sperm transport through vas deferens or rendering these sperm infertile and (iv) prevention
of sperm deposition. Research work in the field of prevention of sperm transport through vas deferens has made significant
advances. Styrene maleic anhydride (SMA) disturbed the electrical charge of spermatozoa leading to acrosome rupture and consequent
loss in fertilizing ability of sperm. A multicentre phase-III clinical trial using SMA is continuing and it is hoped that
the SMA approach would be available in the near future as an indigenously developed injectable intra-vasal male contraceptive.
The safety and efficacy of available oral contraceptives were evaluated. An indigenously developed oral contraceptive ‘Centchorman’,
which is a nonsteroidal, weakly estrogenic but potently antiestrogenic, was found to be safe and effective and is now being
marketed in India since 1991 as a ‘once a week’ pill. Cyclofem and Mesigyna have been recommended as injectable contraceptives
with proper counselling and service delivery by Indian studies. It has been recommended that these injectable contraceptives
be added to the existing range of contraceptive methods available in the National Family Planning Programme. Based on the
Indian studies CuT 200 was also recommended. Studies have indicated the advantage of intrauterine devices (IUD); they are
long acting, relatively easily removed and fertility returns rapidly after their removal. Recent studies have recommended
CuT 200 for use up to 5 years. The combination of some plant products i.e.Embelia ribes, Borax andPiper longum has been found to be safe and effective as a female contraceptive and the results of phase-I clinical trials are encouraging.
Research work is going on in the country in various areas with special reference to hormonal contraceptive — a three monthly
injectable contraceptive, immuno-contraceptives, antiprogestins, etc. 相似文献
13.
14.
Toxicological data on silkworm Bombyx mori are quite comparable to those of other lepidopteran pest insects, therefore, it is considered as a suitable model for exploring
effects of any new synthetic formulations. In this study, female V instar larvae of silk moth B. mori were chosen to evaluate the lethal and sublethal toxicity effects of RH-2485 (methoxyfenozide), a non-steroidal ecdysteroid
agonist and to substantiate the ecdysteroid mimicking action of RH-2485 on ovary development, vitellogenin incorporation and
egg production in isolated pupal abdomen (IPA). Probit analysis was carried out to find the median lethal dose (LD50) from 96 h cumulative mortality percent. Protein profile of haemolymph, fat body, ovary and eggs were separated in SDS-PAGE.
Western blot analysis was carried out to confirm vitellogenin in the ovary. Sublethal effects on feeding, cocoon spinning,
pupation, adult emergence and egg production were studied at doses of 1/5th, 1/10th and 1/20th of LD50. Significant changes were observed in all these parameters at all three sublethal doses. The morphological effects were related
to underlying biochemical changes by finding the changes in haemolymph, fat body, ovary and egg protein profile. Marked changes
were observed in storage proteins (80 kDa) and 30 kDa proteins in the haemolymph at all three sublethal doses. The larvae
that escaped the sublethal effects at a dose of 1/20 of LD50 and emerged as adults with malformed wings produced significantly lower number of eggs. The isolated pupal abdomen (IPA)
treated with RH-2485 did not metamorphose into adult but the oocyte development and vitellogenesis were normal but the egg
precursor processing was incomplete leading to failure in choriogenesis. 相似文献
15.
Sakthivel Vaiyapuri Rajendran Vaiyapuri Rajesh Ashokan Karthikeyan Ramasamy Kameshwaran Nattamaisundar Anburaj Jeyaraj Viswanathan Chandran Prabu Gajjeraman M. Fazil Baksh Jonathan M. Gibbins E. Gail Hutchinson 《PloS one》2013,8(11)
Background
Snakebite represents a significant health issue worldwide, affecting several million people each year with as many as 95,000 deaths. India is considered to be the country most affected, but much remains unknown about snakebite incidence in this country, its socio-economic impact and how snakebite management could be improved.Methods/Principal Findings
We conducted a study within rural villages in Tamil Nadu, India, which combines a household survey (28,494 people) of snakebite incidence with a more detailed survey of victims in order to understand the health and socio-economic effects of the bite, the treatments obtained and their views about future improvements. Our survey suggests that snakebite incidence is higher than previously reported. 3.9% of those surveyed had suffered from snakebite and the number of deaths corresponds to 0.45% of the population. The socio-economic impact of this is very considerable in terms of the treatment costs and the long-term effects on the health and ability of survivors to work. To reduce this, the victims recommended improvements to the accessibility and affordability of antivenom treatment.Conclusions
Snakebite has a considerable and disproportionate impact on rural populations, particularly in South Asia. This study provides an incentive for researchers and the public to work together to reduce the incidence and improve the outcomes for snake bite victims and their families. 相似文献16.
Jeyaraj SC Unger NT Eid AH Mitra S Paul El-Dahdah N Quilliam LA Flavahan NA Chotani MA 《American journal of physiology. Cell physiology》2012,303(5):C499-C511
Intracellular signaling by the second messenger cyclic AMP (cAMP) activates the Ras-related small GTPase Rap1 through the guanine exchange factor Epac. This activation leads to effector protein interactions, activation, and biological responses in the vasculature, including vasorelaxation. In vascular smooth muscle cells derived from human dermal arterioles (microVSM), Rap1 selectively regulates expression of G protein-coupled α(2C)-adrenoceptors (α(2C)-ARs) through JNK-c-jun nuclear signaling. The α(2C)-ARs are generally retained in the trans-Golgi compartment and mobilize to the cell surface and elicit vasoconstriction in response to cellular stress. The present study used human microVSM to examine the role of Rap1 in receptor localization. Complementary approaches included murine microVSM derived from tail arteries of C57BL6 mice that express functional α(2C)-ARs and mice deficient in Rap1A (Rap1A-null). In human microVSM, increasing intracellular cAMP by direct activation of adenylyl cyclase by forskolin (10 μM) or selectively activating Epac-Rap signaling by the cAMP analog 8-pCPT-2'-O-Me-cAMP (100 μM) activated RhoA, increased α(2C)-AR expression, and reorganized the actin cytoskeleton, increasing F-actin. The α(2C)-ARs mobilized from the perinuclear region to intracellular filamentous structures and to the plasma membrane. Similar results were obtained in murine wild-type microVSM, coupling Rap1-Rho-actin dynamics to receptor relocalization. This signaling was impaired in Rap1A-null murine microVSM and was rescued by delivery of constitutively active (CA) mutant of Rap1A. When tested in heterologous HEK293 cells, Rap1A-CA or Rho-kinase (ROCK-CA) caused translocation of functional α(2C)-ARs to the cell surface (~4- to 6-fold increase, respectively). Together, these studies support vascular bed-specific physiological role of Rap1 and suggest a role in vasoconstriction in microVSM. 相似文献
17.
Mak PA Rao SP Ping Tan M Lin X Chyba J Tay J Ng SH Tan BH Cherian J Duraiswamy J Bifani P Lim V Lee BH Ling Ma N Beer D Thayalan P Kuhen K Chatterjee A Supek F Glynne R Zheng J Boshoff HI Barry CE Dick T Pethe K Camacho LR 《ACS chemical biology》2012,7(7):1190-1197
Growing evidence suggests that the presence of a subpopulation of hypoxic non-replicating, phenotypically drug-tolerant mycobacteria is responsible for the prolonged duration of tuberculosis treatment. The discovery of new antitubercular agents active against this subpopulation may help in developing new strategies to shorten the time of tuberculosis therapy. Recently, the maintenance of a low level of bacterial respiration was shown to be a point of metabolic vulnerability in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Here, we describe the development of a hypoxic model to identify compounds targeting mycobacterial respiratory functions and ATP homeostasis in whole mycobacteria. The model was adapted to 1,536-well plate format and successfully used to screen over 600,000 compounds. Approximately 800 compounds were confirmed to reduce intracellular ATP levels in a dose-dependent manner in Mycobacterium bovis BCG. One hundred and forty non-cytotoxic compounds with activity against hypoxic non-replicating M. tuberculosis were further validated. The resulting collection of compounds that disrupt ATP homeostasis in M. tuberculosis represents a valuable resource to decipher the biology of persistent mycobacteria. 相似文献
18.
Jeyaraj S Boehmer C Lang F Palmada M 《Biochemical and biophysical research communications》2007,356(3):629-635
Insulin stimulates glucose transport into muscle and fat cells by enhancing GLUT4 abundance in the plasma membrane through activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K). Protein kinase B (PKB) and PKCzeta are known PI3K downstream targets in the regulation of GLUT4. The serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase SGK1 is similarly activated by insulin and capable to regulate cell surface expression of several metabolite transporters. In this study, we evaluated the putative role of SGK1 in the modulation of GLUT4. Coexpression of the kinase along with GLUT4 in Xenopus oocytes stimulated glucose transport. The enhanced GLUT4 activity was paralleled by increased transporter abundance in the plasma membrane. Disruption of the SGK1 phosphorylation site on GLUT4 ((S274A)GLUT4) abrogated the stimulating effect of SGK1. In summary, SGK1 promotes glucose transporter membrane abundance via GLUT4 phosphorylation at Ser274. Thus, SGK1 may contribute to the insulin and GLUT4-dependent regulation of cellular glucose uptake. 相似文献
19.
Siraj Sultan Jitendra N. Tiwari Aditya Narayan Singh Shynggys Zhumagali Miran Ha Chang Woo Myung Pandiarajan Thangavel Kwang S. Kim 《Liver Transplantation》2019,9(22)
The sustainable and scalable production of hydrogen through hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen through oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in water splitting demands efficient and robust electrocatalysts. Currently, state‐of‐the‐art electrocatalysts of Pt and IrO2/RuO2 exhibit the benchmark catalytic activity toward HER and OER, respectively. However, expanding their practical application is hindered by their exorbitant price and scarcity. Therefore, the development of alternative effective electrocatalysts for water splitting is crucial. In the last few decades, substantial effort has been devoted to the development of alternative HER/OER and water splitting catalysts based on various transition metals (including Fe, Co, Ni, Mo, and atomic Pt) which show promising catalytic activities and durability. In this review, after a brief introduction and basic mechanism of HER/OER, the authors systematically discuss the recent progress in design, synthesis, and application of single atom and cluster‐based HER/OER and water splitting catalysts. Moreover, the crucial factors that can tune the activity of catalysts toward HER/OER and water splitting such as morphology, crystal defects, hybridization of metals with nonmetals, heteroatom doping, alloying, and formation of metals inside graphitic layered materials are discussed. Finally, the existing challenges and future perspectives for improving the performance of electrocatalysts for water splitting are addressed. 相似文献
20.
Gnanajothi Kapildev Arunachalam Chinnathambi Ganeshan Sivanandhan Manoharan Rajesh Venkatachalam Vasudevan Subramanian Mayavan Muthukrishnan Arun Murugaraj Jeyaraj Sulaiman Ali Alharbi Natesan Selvaraj Andy Ganapathi 《Acta Physiologiae Plantarum》2016,38(8):205
In vitro culture and genetic transformation of black gram are difficult due to its recalcitrant nature. Establishment of gene transfer procedure is a prerequisite to develop transgenic plants of black gram in a shorter period. Therefore, genetic transformation was performed to optimize the factors influencing transformation efficiency through Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated in planta transformation using EHA 105 strain harbouring reporter gene, bar, and selectable marker, gfp-gus, in sprouted half-seed explants of black gram. Several parameters, such as co-cultivation, acetosyringone concentration, exposure time to sonication, and vacuum infiltration influencing in planta transformation, have been evaluated in this study. The half-seed explants when sonicated for 3 min and vacuum infiltered for 2 min at 100 mm of Hg in the presence of A. tumefaciens (pCAMBIA1304– bar) suspensions and incubated for 3 days co-cultivation in MS medium with 100 µM acetosyringone showed maximum transformation efficiency (46 %). The putative transformants were selected by inoculating co-cultivated seeds in BASTA® (4 mg l?1) containing MS medium followed by BASTA® foliar spray on 15-day-old black gram plants (35 mg l?1) in green house, and the transgene integration was confirmed by biochemical assay (GUS), Polymerase chain reaction, Dot-blot, and Southern hybridisation analyses. 相似文献